Monday 23 July 2018
UTC: 05:41:28 GMT (Zulu)   Local:
Monday 23 July 2018     UTC: 05:41:28 GMT (Zulu)   Local:
Airport Details

Directions to EDF Airport

Thank you! Your submission was successfully sent :-)×
Oops! Something went wrong... Your submission did not go through :-(×

Location

Latitude: 
 61-15-04.8715N (61.251353)
Longitude: 
 149-48-23.4924W (-149.806526)
Elevation: 
 213.0 feet MSL (65 m MSL)
Magnetic Variation: 
 16.1 E (as of July 2018 from WMM2015 model)
Time Zone: 
 UTC -9.0 (Standard Time)
UTC -8.0 (Daylight Savings Time)
From City: 
 3 N.M. NE of Anchorage, Alaska
Found On: 
 Anchorage Chart
FAA Region: 
 AAL

Operations

Facility Use: 
 Private
Type: 
 Airport
Activation Date: 
 03/1949
Control tower: 
 Yes
Attendance (Months/Days/Hours): 
 Months/Days/Hours
ALL/ALL/ALL
Boundary ARTCC: 
 ZAN (Anchorage)
Segmented Circle Indicator: 
 No
Beacon Color: 
 White-Green (Lighted Land Airport)
Traffic Pattern Altitude: 
 1213 feet (370 m)
NOTAMs Facility: 
 PAED
NOTAM-D Service: 
 Yes
International Airport of Entry: 
 No
Customs Landing Rights: 
 No
Military Landing Rights: 
 No
Civil/Military Joint Use: 
 No

Based Aircraft

Single Engine:  14
Multi Engine:  1
Military Aircraft:  69

Annual Operations (as of 07/23/1979)

Total Operations:  86600
GA Local:  7600 8.8%
GA Itinerant:  500 0.6%
Military Aircraft:  78500 90.6%

Communications

Tower:  ELMENDORF
127.2
352.05
Hrs: 24
Clearance Del.:  128.8
306.925
Ground:  121.8
275.8
Approach:  ANCHORAGE
118.6
134.1
Departure:  ANCHORAGE
118.6
134.1
ATIS:  124.3
273.5
Hrs: 0700-2300
11AF RESCUE COORD CNTR:  123.1
PMSV:  346.6
PTD:  372.2
11AF COMD CEN:  381.0
PTD:  134.8
ARTIC WARRIOR OPS:  381.0
11AF RESCUE COORD CNTR:  282.8

  • WHEN ASR IS OUT PAR NOT AVBL UNLESS ACFT HAS OPNL TACAN. ACFT WILL EXECUTE INSTRUMENT APCH & REPORT 10 DME ON TAC OR LOC COURSE FOR PAR PICKUP.
  • ELMENDORF HOSPITAL HELIPORT; SIX MILE LAKE ARPT AND SIX MILE LAKE SEAPLANE MONITOR ELMENDORF ATIS 124.3/273.5 OR CTC BASE OPS 134.8/372.2 FOR LCL ADZY.
  • PAR AVBL BY NOTAM. ASR APCHS UNAVBL WITH OUT PAR.
  • FULL SERVICE WX BRIEFING AVBL 0600-2000 WKDAYS EXCP HOLS; OTR TIMES CTC ALASKAN WX OPNS CNTR DSN 317-552-2719/2003 OR C907-552-2719/2003.
  • PAR AVBL 0100-1700 MON-FRI EXCEPT HOLIDAYS.
   

Contacts

Manager: 
Air Force owned: 
AIRFIELD MGR
300SS/DOFJ
ELMENDORF AFB, AK 99506
907-552-2444		 U S GOVT USAF
30SS/DOFJ
ELMENDORF AFB, AK 99506
907-552-2107

Fixed Based Operators (FBOs) & Fuel

Please help us keep this information up to date. This is a FREE SERVICE just like everything else on Airport Guide!

If you see that a business needs to be added, modified, or deleted please fill out our Update Form.
You can also add fuel prices for FBOs on this same form.
(Click on a business for detail)

Area Code: 907

Business Name Frequency Phone Fuel Grade & Location
To add, modify, or delete a business click here.

Flight Service Stations

Primary Alternate
FSS on Field:  N
FSS Name (ID):  Kenai(ENA)
Frequency: 
Toll Free Phone:  1-866-864-1737
   

Instrument Procedures / Charts


FAA Terminal Procedures valid from 0901Z 07/19/18 to 0901Z 08/16/18.

There are various types of charts available for an airport. They are listed in the Page Type column. Here is a legend for those types:

APD - Airport Diagram
DP - Departure Procedure Charts
HOT - Hot Spots
IAP - Instrument Approach Procedure Charts
MIN - Minimums
STAR - Standard Terminal Arrival Charts
Page Type Page Name Volume Action Since
Last Cycle
APD (Military) AIRPORT DIAGRAM AK-1
DP (Military) EEEGL THREE AK-1
DP (Military) ELMENDORF TWO (RNAV) AK-1
HOT (Military) HOT SPOT AK-1
IAP (Military) ILS Y OR LOC/DME RWY 06 AK-1
IAP (Military) ILS Z OR LOC/DME RWY 06 AK-1
IAP (Military) RNAV (GPS) RWY 06 AK-1
IAP (Military) TACAN RWY 06 AK-1
IAP (Military) TACAN Y RWY 16 AK-1
IAP (Military) TACAN Z RWY 16 AK-1
MIN (Military) DIVERSE VECTOR AREA AK-1
MIN (Military) RADAR MINIMUMS AK-1
MIN (Military) TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AK-1
STAR (Military) DESKA FOUR AK-1
STAR (Military) DESKA FOUR[DELIMITER] CONT.1 AK-1
STAR (Military) MATSU FIVE AK-1
Terminal Procedures are only available for airports in several countries with more being added all the time. If you are looking for a specific country's charts, please send an email to support(at)airportguide.com stating the country name. This will be used to prioritize the implementation.

Maps, Charts, & Diagrams

Anchorage - Elmendorf AFB (EDF) Airport Terminal Map

Terminal Map Not Available for this Airport

EDF Airport Sectional

Flight Planning
at skyvector.com

EDF Airport Diagram

Elmendorf AFB Airport (EDF) Diagram
Do you have a better diagram of this Airport?
Please share it with us.

METAR / TAF Weather

METAR

TAF

Navigation Aids (Navaids) near EDF

Navigational Aid (NAVAID) distances from the airport are listed in Nautical Miles (NM).

Nearby Airports with Fuel

Dist (NM) Name (Airport IDs) True Hdg Mag Hdg Fuel Grade
2.4 Alaska Regional Hospital Heliport
(2OK)		 194 178 100LL, Jet A
2.5 Merrill Field Airport
(MRI PAMR MRI)		 205 189 100, Jet A
6.2 Lake Hood Seaplane Base
(PALH LHD)		 227 211 100, 100LL, Jet A
7.2 Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
(ANC PANC ANC)		 230 214 100, 100LL, Jet A, Jet A-1
13.1 Birchwood Airport
(PABV BCV)		 40 24 100LL
20.7 Wasilla Airport
(WWA PAWS IYS)		 21 5 100LL, Jet A
23.1 Wasilla Lake Seaplane Base
(5L6)		 29 13 100LL
29.1 Palmer Buddy Woods Municipal Airport
(PAQ PAAQ PAQ)		 44 28 100LL, Jet A-1, Jet B
58.4 Kenai Municipal Airport
(ENA PAEN ENA)		 226 211 100LL, Jet A
58.9 Soldotna Airport
(SXQ PASX SXQ)		 218 202 100LL, Jet A
64.7 Talkeetna Airport
(TKA PATK TKA)		 352 336 100LL, Jet A, Jet A+

Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS)

NOTAMs

List ALL PAED NOTAMs

NOTAM Radius Search

NOTAMS within
NM of PAED

NOTAM Flight Path Search (Enter from two to five locations below)

Locations (ICAO):
Buffer (Both Sides):
NM
Include:

Ratings & Reviews

Elmendorf AFB Airport Ratings
Category Aspect Rating
Overall Rating for Elmendorf AFB Airport

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Flight Service Number of Flights

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Overall Number of Routes Served

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

International Routes Served

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

On-time Performance

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Business Services & Internet Airport Lounges

    • 4.0/5 (1 vote cast)

Business Centers

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Airport Website (information & tools)

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Availability of Internet Connectivity

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Wireless Internet Access

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

General Facilities ATM Locations

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Public Telephones

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Restrooms

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Architecture

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Terminal Layout

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Seating Areas

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Overall Cleanliness

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Children Play Areas

    • 4.0/5 (1 vote cast)

Geographic Location

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Baggage Claim Locations

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Baggage Handling

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Overall Comfort

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Security Lines

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Transportation & Parking Parking Availability

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Parking Pricing

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Public Transport

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Car Rental

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Taxis

    • 3.0/5 (1 vote cast)

Hotel Shuttles

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Proximity to City Center

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Amenities Shopping (variety and number)

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Restaurants & Bars (variety and number)

    • 5.0/5 (1 vote cast)

Restaurants & Bars (price/value)

    • 0.0/5 (0 votes cast)

Runways

EDF Airport Runway Summary

Longest Runway: 06/24 is 10000 ft (3048 m) long
Runways with an Instrument Approach: 06

EDF Airport Runway Details



Runway 06/24  10000 ft x 200 ft (3048 m x 61 m)
Runway Length Source:  as of
Surface:  PEM -
Runway Pavement Class: 
Runway Edge Lights:  Yes Intensity

Runway Weight Bearing Capacity (in thousands of pounds) 
Single Wheel Landing Gear: 
Dual Wheel Landing Gear: 
Dual Tandem Wheel Landing Gear: 
Dual Dual Tandem Wheel Landing Gear: 

Runway 06

Runway 24
Elevation: 
 174 201
Latitude: 
 61.2486 61.2534
Longitude: 
 -149.844 -149.788
True Magnetic Hdg.: 
 80 260
ILS Type: 
Glide Path Angle: 
 0.0 degrees 0.0 degrees
Traffic Pattern: 
Runway Markings Type: 
Runway Markings Condition:
Arresting Device: 
Object at End: 
Object Height: 
 0 0
Object Marked/Lighted?: 
Distance from End: 
 0 0
Object Centerline Offset: 
Visual Glide Slope Indicators: 
Runway Visual Range (RVR): 
Approach Light System: 
REIL: 
 Yes Yes
Touchdown Lights: 
Centerline Lights: 
Threshold Crossing Height: 
Threshold Elevation: 
 174 201
Displaced Threshold: 
 0 0
Threshold Latitude: 

Threshold Longitude: 
Declared Distances
Take Off Run Avbl. (TORA): 
 0 0
Take Off Distance Avbl. (TODA): 
 0 0
Actual Stop Dist. Avbl. (ASDA): 
 0 0
Landing Dist. Avbl. (LDA): 
 0 0



Runway 16/34  7500 ft x 150 ft (2286 m x 46 m)
Runway Length Source:  as of
Surface:  Asphalt -
Runway Pavement Class: 
Runway Edge Lights:  Yes Intensity

Runway Weight Bearing Capacity (in thousands of pounds) 
Single Wheel Landing Gear: 
Dual Wheel Landing Gear: 
Dual Tandem Wheel Landing Gear: 
Dual Dual Tandem Wheel Landing Gear: 

Runway 16

Runway 34
Elevation: 
 212 185
Latitude: 
 61.2621 61.2415
Longitude: 
 -149.793 -149.793
True Magnetic Hdg.: 
 180 360
ILS Type: 
Glide Path Angle: 
 0.0 degrees 0.0 degrees
Traffic Pattern: 
Runway Markings Type: 
Runway Markings Condition:
Arresting Device: 
Object at End: 
Object Height: 
 0 0
Object Marked/Lighted?: 
Distance from End: 
 0 0
Object Centerline Offset: 
Visual Glide Slope Indicators: 
Runway Visual Range (RVR): 
Approach Light System: 
REIL: 
 Yes Yes
Touchdown Lights: 
Centerline Lights: 
Threshold Crossing Height: 
Threshold Elevation: 
 212 185
Displaced Threshold: 
 0 0
Threshold Latitude: 

Threshold Longitude: 
Declared Distances
Take Off Run Avbl. (TORA): 
 0 0
Take Off Distance Avbl. (TODA): 
 0 0
Actual Stop Dist. Avbl. (ASDA): 
 0 0
Landing Dist. Avbl. (LDA): 
 0 0

Remarks

A110*G THIS AIRPORT HAS BEEN SURVEYED BY THE NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY.
A110-1 LNDG RWY 16 NOT RCMND FOR JET ACFT EXCPT DURG DAY VFR DUE OBSTRN 337' MSL LCTD 1950' FM THR & 574' W OF CNGRLN.
A110-10 NOTICE: A RIDGE EXTENDING FROM APPROXIMATELY 260 - 020 DEGREES ONE TO TWO MILES FROM THE TOWER PREVENTS OBSERVATION OF FOG OVER KNIK ARM. VISIBILITY MAY DROP RAPIDLY AS FOG POURS OVER RIDGE.
A110-13 ALL ACFT MAINTAIN IDLE POWER ON OUTBOARD ENG WHILE TAXIING.
A110-14 NO SIGNS OR PAINTED HOLD SHORT LINES ON INTERSECTING RYS.
A110-17 EXTENSIVE SVC DELAY FOR FUEL.
A110-2 HGR SPACE & WARM STORAGE EXTREMELY LMTD OCT-MAY.
A110-23 FREQUENT ACTIVITY IN R2203. WHEN UNABLE TO AVOID CTC ATCT.
A110-25 SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES FAR PART 93, SEE REGULATORY NOTICES IN THE SUPPLEMENT.
A110-27 LIMITED MAINTENANCE CAPABILITIES ON WKEND.
A110-3 PREVENTIVE MAINT: TACAN WED AND FRI 1600-1700Z; ILS TUE AND THR 1500-1700Z; PAR SAT-SUN 1800-2000Z; ASR SAT-SUN 2000-2200.
A110-30 JOAP, JOINT OIL ANALYSIS PROGRAM AVBL. LHNIT, LOW & HIGH PRESSURE NITROGEN SERVICING AVBL.
A110-31 CHANGE JET AIRCRAFT STARTING UNITS (JASU) TO, (A/M32A-86), MC-1A), (MC-2A), (AM32A-60A). (AM32-95)150 +/-5 LBS/MIN (2055 +/-68CFM) AT 51 +/-02 PSIA. LASS 150 +/-5 LBS/MIN @ 49 +/-2 PSIA.
A110-32 FUEL: J8
A110-33 OIL: O-123, O-128, O-133, O-148, O-156, JOAP.
A110-34 JOAP & LOW & HIGH PRESURE NITROGEN SERVICING FURNISHED DURING NORMAL DUTY HOURS, OTR TIMES ON REQUEST.
A110-35 FLUID: PRESAIR, DE-ICE, NITROGEN-LHNIT.
A110-48 RY 16/34 RUBBER ACCUM NORTH & SOUTH 1000FT.
A110-5 QUIET HR 0630-1400Z WKDAYS; 0630-1600Z WKEND & HOLS, AMC ACFT EXEMPT.
A110-57 IFF SVC AVBL. AFLD WX IS AUTOMATICALLY MNT BY AN/FQ-19 AUTOMATED WX OBSERVING SYSTEM AND BACKED-UP/ AUGMENTED BY HUMAN OBSERVER WHEN NECESSARY 24/7. DSN 317-552-4903/4397OR C907-552-4903/4397. FULL SVC WX BRIEFING 24HRS 17 OPERATIONAL WEATHER SQUADRON DSN 315-449-8333 OR C808-449-8333.
A110-58 C17/C130 OVERT LIGHTS AVBL ON RY16/34. C17/C130 COVERT LIGHTS AVBL ON RY 16.
A110-59 NVD OPS ON RY 16/34 & RY 06/24 MON-FRI FROM 0400-1000Z++.
A110-61 DURING EVAC OF WX STATION, CTC 17 OPERATIONAL WX SQUADRON AT DSN 315-449-8333.
A110-62 ALTERNATE WX LOCATION VISIBILITY OBSTRUCTED FROM SE-W DUE TO HANGARS. USE PHONE PATCH WHEN WX RELOCATES TO ALTERNATE LOCATION.PHONE PATCH CAPABILITY THROUGH 3 WG/CP AT 907-552-3000.
A110-66 CAUTION: NUMEROUS ACFT WILL BE OPR IFR BETWEEN 1500-2000 MSL FROM BGQ 092/10 INTO R2203 TO EDF 320/07 INVOF BIG LAKE, PALMER, BIRCHWOOD, GOOSEBAY AND WASILLA, AK., MON-SAT 0300-0800Z++, AND TUES AND THU 1800-2200Z++.
A110-7 CAUTION: MOOSE ON & INVOF RWY.
A110-70 CAUTION: HEAVY RAINFALL MAY CAUSE HIGH POTENTIAL FOR HYDROPLANING FOR CONC ENDS OF RWY 06 AND RWY 24.
A110-71 RWY 34 DEPARTURES FOR ACFT WITH WINGSPANS GREATER THAN 98 FT RQR PRIOR COORD WITH AMC, ATC TWR, OR ALD MGT.
A110-72 DV SPOTS 1 AND 3 LTD TO ACFT WITH WINGSPANS OF 136 FT OR LESS.
A110-73 CAUTION: UNLIT TERRAIN 0 FT AGL/341 FT MSL, 1909 FT PRIOR TO THLD, 1914 FT RIGHT OF COURSE.
A110-74 CAUTION: WHEN RWY 16 VGSI INOP, STR-IN TO RWY 16 ONLY AUTHORIZED AT NIGHT WITH MAJCOM A3 APVL.
A110-75 TWYS D1, D2, N4 & N5 PERM CLOSED.
A110-76 AFLD MGMT DOES NOT HAVE COMSEC STORAGE AVBL, FOR COMSEC STORAGE CTC COMMAND POST DSN 317-552-3000.
A110-77 ALL TRAN AIRCREWS OPERATING AT ELMENDORF AIRFIELD MUST DROP OFF A COPY OF THEIR CREW ORDERS TO AFLD MGMT UPON ARR.
A110-78 ALL VIP ACFT CTC BASE OPS 30 MIN PRIOR TO ARR ON PTD 372.2 OR 134.1 OR C907-552-2107.
A110-79 ACFT REQUIRING CUSTOMS AND AG INSPECTIONS ARE RQR TO CTC BASE OPS NO LATER THAN 90 MIN PRIOR TO ARR.
A110-8 DURING VMC DEPS/MISSED APCHS/GO AROUNDS; ACFT SHALL MAINTAIN AT OR BLO 1200' MLS UNTIL DEP END OF RWY 06.
A110-80 PPR REQUIRED FOR ALL NON-JBER ASSIGNED ACFT EXCEPT NON-EXPLOSIVE LADEN AMCC ACFT.
A110-81 SUBMIT ALL PPR REQUESTS UTILIZING THE PAED PPR REQUEST FORM LOCATED IN THE PAED GIANT REPORT STIF TO BASEOPS3@US.AF.MIL NO EARLIER THAN 30 DAYS PRIOR AND NO LATER THAN 48 HOURS PRIOR TO ARRIVAL TO BEGIN COORDINATION FOR PPR.
A110-82 PPRS WILL BE ISSUED NO EARLIER THAN 7 DAYS PRIOR TO ARR.
A110-83 NORMAL BARRIER CONFIGURATION DUR FTR FLY WINDOW LEAVES 5675' BTN CABLES ON RWY 06/24, OUTSIDE OF FTR FLY WINDOWS THERE IS 7658' BTN CABLES.
A110-84 ACFT REQUIRING CABLES DE-RIGGED MUST CTC BASE OPS 24 HR PRIOR TO ARR OR MAKE REQ PRIOR TO PPR BEING ISSUED.
A110-85 AMC ACFT ON AN AMC ASGN MSN CAN EXP TO HAVE MAINT SVC ACCOMPLISHED BY 732 AMS.
A110-86 UNITS DEPLOYING TO, STAGING OUT OF, OR FLYING LCL SORTIES AT ELMENDORF AFB MUST DEPLOY WITH MAINT PERS REQUIRED TO COMPLETE OPS TO INCLUDE DE-ICE QUALIFIED CREWMEMBERS DUR COLD WX OPS.
A110-87 ANY DEPLOYED OR STAGED ACFT WILL NOT RCV TA SUPPORT BYD INITIAL BLOCK IN.
A110-88 UNLESS PARTICIPATING IN MAJCOM SPONSORED EXER AT ELMENDORF; DEPLOYED OR STAGED UNITS MUST CTC 3 WG SCHEDULING AT DSN 317-552-2406 OR C907-552-2406 AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE TO COORD LOCAL AREA ORIENTATION BRIEFING, MAINT SPONSORSHIP IF APPLICABLE, AND 3 OG/CC APVL PRIOR TO LCL AREA OPS.
A110-89 TRAN ALERT ACFT SVC LTD TO POL SERVICING, INTAKE INSPECTIONS, MAGNETIC CHIP DETECTOR INSPECTIONS AND EOR INSPECTIONS.
A110-9 ALL FTR ACFT ON ARR EXPECT REDUCED SEPARATION; SAME TYPE ACFT AND DAY 3000 FT; DISSIMILAR ACFT AND/OR NIGHT 6000 FT; AHEAD/BEHIND FORMATION LDG-6000 FT.
A110-90 IF EXP TO USE RWY 16 FOR DEP OR RWY 34 FOR LDG SEE JBER CARTEE AIRSPACE DESCRIPTION IN NOTICES SEC OF THIS SUPPLEMENT.
A110-91 ALL NON-AMC ACFT RQR 732 AMS MAINT/SVC MAY EXPERIENCE LOGISTICAL DELAYS DUE TO MISSION NECESSITIES.
A110-92 FOR CURRENT RCR/RSC'S ON RWY 06/24 AND RWY 16/34, AND AFLD RCRS CTC TWR.
A110-93 EAST RAMP HOT SPOT 19 LTD, EXPLOSIVES CAT'S 1.1 AND 1.2 GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 450 LBS N.E.W. RQR EVAC OF BLDGS 16521 & 16519 FOR DURATION OF HOT ON HS19. FOR BLDG EVAC CTC 907-552-2577.
A26 ARFF FAA INDEX D/ CAT 8/10.
A43-06 RY 06 PAPI UNUSBL BYD 8 DEGS EITHER SIDE OF COURSE PATH.
A43-24 PAPI RY 24 UNUSBL BYD 7 DEG RGT OF COURSE.
A49-06 APCH LGTS EXTND 15'' ABOVE SFC UP TO 100' PRIOR TO THR.
E147 TPA, OVERHEAD 1700 FT MSL, CONVENTIONAL 1200 FT MSL, COPTER/LGT ACFT 800 FT MSL.
E40-34 N.
E60-06 BAK-12B (1780 FT) (7455 FT) (9438 FT)
E60-16 BAK-12B (6000 FT) (1500 FT)
E60-24 BAK-12B (8220 FT) (2545 FT) (562 FT)
E60-34 BAK-12B (6000 FT) (1500 FT)

Services

Airframe Repair: 
 Major
Powerplant Repair: 
 Major
Bottled Oxygen: 
 None
Bulk Oxygen: 
 None
Fuel Available: 
 100LL, Jet A, Jet A+
Landing Fees: 
 No
Parking: 
 Tiedowns available

© 1998-2018 AirportGuide.com. All rights reserved.

AirportGuide.com does not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of any information on this site. Use at your own risk.
NOT to be used as an official source for flight planning, navigation, or use in flight.